Ol Lentille Conservancy part 3: Conservation for development

Seeing the very visible and dramatic changes in the health of this land, and also the tourism and community development benefits (such as education and healthcare programmes) the area was receiving, neighbouring communities asked to participate in the conservation programme. So the Ol Lentille Conservancy is now 20,000 acres belonging to 4 communities. This year we are set to go to close to 30,000 acres as a fifth community comes on board.

Now we know we can save degraded land and bring it back into good health, we have started scientific monitoring of plants and soil quality. We work with Kenyan environmental consultants Wajibu MS to do this. We have trained local monitoring staff and had Speedbird satellite imagery done to enable this. The International Livestock Research Institute whose global headquarters is in Nairobi has provided innovative, easily learned, monitoring methodologies to us. The science of course is interesting, but it’s what we can do with it to benefit the community landowners that makes it worthwhile. And that is the prospect of carbon trading!

Ngabolo School children on a day out in the Ol Lentille Conservancy

The 'carbon credits' phenomenon has been accused of a. not working to combat climate change and b. encouraging exploitation of developing countries. This may well be true at some levels. Of course the trading has to be done right, like all development programmes- the 'how' matters. Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Laureate, has endorsed the involvement of tree-farming in her Green Belt Movement in the Carbon market, knowing that if done right, carbon trading has true potential. Conservation here is about people, and finding a way to allow communities to sustain their way of life by improving their environment. Carbon trading can do that for this community. It provides an incentive to conserve land, bringing wildlife back into the area and retaining an ancient ecosystem. Income from carbon could provide potentially massive social development through funding education and healthcare programmes. 

Elephant in Ol Lentille Conservancy, Jan 2011. There are now almost too many
elephants in the area; there were none 6 years ago.

It is little appreciated that the quantity of soil organic carbon (SOC) on Planet Earth far exceeds the carbon “sequestered” in the attention-grabbing rainforests. Now don’t get me wrong – the rainforests must certainly be saved. But with the exception of ILRI, little scientific attention is being paid to SOC, and no scientific methodologies for determining it and monitoring it have been so far approved for carbon-trading purposes. With the inadequacy of Earth Summits, especially the Copenhagen failure, we cannot see when this will be resolved. But resolved it must be.

The Ol Lentille Conservancy beneficiary communities could, we conservatively estimate, have an income of many hundreds of thousands of dollars over a 15 year period from 2015 by trading their carbon rights. This would be a major addition to their portfolio of income generating activities.

Tourism- one of the Lentille community's major income-generating activities

You may have concluded that we can improve SOC levels just by resting land. You would be right in the short term. However, in the long term land can be over-rested. If grasses are insufficiently grazed they eventually become rank and moribund, and cease to replenish the soil organic matter and nutrients especially in a semi-arid climate like ours.

Of course, wildlife is the first to benefit in the Conservancy from improved grass and plant cover. However, when you have as much grass as we have you need a large number of big bulk grazers like zebra and buffalo, and it is only this year that zebra have returned to this area after long absence. And the three buffalo who visited us last August have long since disappeared. On a sidenote, we are very excited that our new zebra population consists of both the common Burchell’s zebra, and also the highly endangered Grevy’s zebra (less than 1500 left on earth).

The endangered Grevy's zebra- the
Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem is their last major stronghold

So what to do? We are planning to put cattle back in the Conservancy! Read on next week to find out why and how we have gone full-circle.

Allowing cattle into the conservancy would benefit both conservation
and the cattle for whom there is not much food elsewhere: a
double benefit for the community members

I See You Through the Smoky Air

Those who follow us on twitter will know that Nurse Steven’s biggest problem in the Lentille community is respiratory disease. It is closely followed by diarrhoeal problems, and he spends a lot of time on maternal and child health (especially nutrition), but the most common presentation at clinic or on his rounds out-and-about in the manyattas is a cough, bad chest, breathing problems.

So what are the causes? A Maasai manyatta, though developing from the very traditional low-ceilinged mud-and-sticks, to a higher roofed, sometimes tin-roofed hut with larger window or door spaces, has very little ventilation. Food is cooked on a traditional 3-stone hearth, and the fire will burn the majority of the day and night. The manyatta has no substantial dividing walls and so the whole family sleep in smoke-filled air every night. The WHO says being trapped in a manyatta with these fires is the equivalent of smoking 40 cigarettes a day. But if they didn’t burn, they wouldn’t eat. 1.6 million die each year globally of cook-smoke related disease, mostly women and children. More children under 5 die from this than from malaria or malnutrition.

A woman in her home cooking on her open fire

So what can be done about it?

We need to reduce the amount of smoke and increase the efficiency of the fire. In order to do that, we must reduce the amount of fuel burned, or change the type of fuel. Living in a remote area, these families only have access to wood (or charcoal, often illegally made). Women spend around 4 hours each day collecting firewood and may have to walk several miles, burning calories they cannot afford to lose. This just to feed their families on fires that may be killing them.



Women burn more calories fetching firewood than they
can afford to consume

  

Furthermore, the Lentille community get a large proportion of their social and economic development off the back of their conservation efforts (see John’s weekly blog on this). Using up wood, a finite resource, in this way will eventually lead to deforestation, exacerbating poverty. In Kenya, over 100 million trees annually are used by rural families for energy consumption, whether burnt immediately or sold as charcoal (which by-laws, though in place, have not prevented as people need this small income.) This generates a massive amount of CO2, which goes directly against our conservation aims. Destroying trees further decimates the environment by allowing erosion (see photo), stopping grasses growing and causing a chain effect leading to desertification. No grass for livestock and more drought, which kills up to 90% of the herd (the only income for many families)- further poverty. Now that the Lentille community have put aside some of their land for conservation, they need an alternative fuel source, to save their lungs and their livelihoods.

Enter Paradigm Stoves: a commitment by one of our amazing partners, the Paradigm Project, to change 25 million lives by 2020. Real social, environmental and economic progress. For further info on Carbon offsetting, as mentioned in this video clip, keep reading John's weekly environment and conservation entries on this blog.

The Community Health Workers, Conservation Rangers and staff of the Sanctuary at Ol Lentille (over 60% of whom are from the local Maasai and Samburu communities) have been issued with Paradigm stoves, gratis, with the idea that they will act as Paradigm Ambassadors in the community, showing people the many benefits of these cookstoves over traditional cooking methods. So far, as a result, over 50 such stoves have been sold at a vastly subsidised price to other community members. Each manyatta is home to a family of about 7 people, almost 100 stoves have been distributed: this is improving the health of 700 community members and using 80% less wood fuel.

One stove saves $280, 1300 hours, 33 trees and reduces smoke by 60%.

The next stage is to provide larger versions of these stoves to the 8 schools that we work with for cooking lunches and boarders’ meals. 

The cook at Ngabolo school looks forward to being able
 to cook for 400 kids much more efficiently!

The Paradigm stove model works by ensuring a good draft into the fire, controlled use of fuel, complete combustion of materials, and efficient use of the resulting heat. It reduces fuel consumption by 80% and toxic smoke by 60%. For an idea of the sorts of stoves we are using, this video from the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (UN) is a nice introduction.

It is also designed in such a way as to protect children from the fire. One of my first encounters with Kimanjo clinic, 6 years ago, was when driving around the area, responding to a call on the radio to collect a child from a manyatta and take him to clinic. This was in the days before Stephen, and there was no nurse present at Kimanjo. We picked up this child, aged about 18 months, with his hand singed, scalded and burnt through the skin, who didn’t cry, stayed cuddled to his mother and looked totally stoical, and drove him 40mins to the next nearest clinic, where we had to drive into the village to find the nurse. The hand was treated, bandaged and the mum told to return next day (we managed to find her a lift). The nurse did not look hopeful, and to my (relatively untrained) eye it looked like the child wouldn’t get functionality back in any of his fingers. But babies have an amazing power to heal, and today he is a happy kid with 5 working fingers and scars to tell the tale.

In an upcoming blog post, Nurse Steven will discuss his work in the community with the aforementioned Community Health Workers, and explain how problems such as malnutrition and maternal health are addressed. For now he, and all of us at the OLT, hope that this project will reduce the number of respiratory problems the Kimanjo Clinic and Nabakisho Healthcare Programme team have to deal with.

Community health workers from our Nabakisho Healthcare Programme
arrive at Kimanjo clinic by bike